Jo Wu

Background and Aim: The Vietnamese has committed to introducing human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination into the National Expanded Immunization Program from 2026. To inform effective national implementation, we conducted a review of existing evidence on HPV vaccination coverage, barriers, facilitators, and delivery experiences in Vietnam.

Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase, national health surveys databases for published studies reporting on HPV vaccination in Vietnam. Eligible studies included data on HPV vaccination coverage, uptake determinants, and implementation experiences between 2010 and 2025.

Outcomes: Nationally, HPV vaccination coverage among women aged 15–29 years was of 12.0%. The mean age at first dose was 19.2 years and at last dose was 20.0 years, indicating that vaccination often occurs after the recommended early adolescent period. Limited knowledge and awareness of HPV and cervical cancer prevention were the most consistently reported barriers to vaccine uptake. Among individuals aware of the HPV vaccine, high cost was the primary reason for remaining unvaccinated, cited by 50% - 75% of respondents.
Rural populations experienced greater financial barrier but demonstrated higher acceptability of vaccination. In contrast, urban populations reported greater affordability but lower willingness to vaccinate. Vaccination decisions were typically made jointly by parents and adolescents, following consultation with friends, family members, health workers, and community opinion leaders. Adolescents’ decisions were influenced by perceived sexual activity status, whereas many parents, particularly girls, did not perceive their teenage children to be at risk. Several research gaps were identified, including limited evidence on male vaccination and public-sector implementation strategies.

Conclusion and Future actions: HPV vaccination coverage in Vietnam remains low, with substantial financial, knowledge, and sociocultural barriers. As Vietnam prepares for national introduction of HPV vaccination in 2026, improving affordability, strengthening public awareness, and engaging trusted community stakeholders will be essential to achieving high and equitable coverage.