Steven Underhill

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a traditional fruit tree of 15–30 m tall in Oceania. The species is a staple crop for food security in the tropics. Tree loss from tropical windstorms, together with transition toward high density planting has driven an interest in the dwarf phenotype of the species. Information on dwarfing rootstocks for breadfruit is currently limited. The aim of this study was to assess the performance of breadfruit growth with lakoocha (Artocarpus lakoocha) as rootstocks. We compared the phenotype of breadfruit trees on lakoocha rootstocks with those on self graft and non graft within 21 months after grafting. These led to the discovery of a rootstock induced dwarf trait in breadfruit species. Breadfruit scions on lakoocha rootstocks displayed a reduction in tree height, stem thickness, and internode length, with fewer branches and leaves, resulting in about 32% of the standard height at the end of 21 months after grafting. These suggest lakoocha rootstocks have the potential to control breadfruit tree vigor. Non structural carbohydrate analysis showed the composite trees exhibited lower hexose concentration in both scion stems and roots, but higher sucrose level in scion stems, and higher starch level in roots. The significance of these parameters in rootstock dwarfing is discussed.

Pacific Island countries are undergoing rapid food system transformation. This has led to a deterioration in diet quality with decreased consumption of traditional, fresh foods, and increasing consumption of imported, ultra-processed foods. Consequently, the triple burden of malnutrition is a now a major issue in the region. It is estimated that Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is widespread, particularly in Kiribati, Vanuatu, and Solomon Islands. Rates of overweight, obesity, and diet-related non-communicable disease (DR-NCD) are high. Increasing consumption of local, traditional fruits and vegetables, particularly those that have high nutritional value like Pacific Island bananas, could play an important role in improving diets and health outcomes of Pacific Islander populations. Many of the banana cultivars found in the Pacific Islands region are high in carotenoids, an important precursor to Vitamin A. Fe'i bananas, such as Utin Iap, have been shown to contain much higher amounts of carotenoids than that of the commonly consumed Cavendish banana. As a traditional, starchy staple food, bananas are a good source of carbohydrate, including resistant starch, with small amounts of protein and little fat. These characteristics also lend themselves to being part of a healthy diet. The promotion of neglected and underutilized banana cultivars in the Pacific region provides a food-based and low-cost solution that simultaneously supports healthy diets and good nutrition, local farming systems and livelihood opportunities. However, to realize this potential, more work is required to understand the availability of nutrient rich banana in the region, current consumption patterns and drivers of consumption.

In the last ten years, there has been an increased global recognition of the importance of food loss. In small island developing states, often with limited natural resources and underlying socio-economic challenges, food loss can create an elevated burden on the food system.  

Between 2015 and 2021, we sought to quantify the level of horticultural postharvest loss in the South Pacific region and its implications on the fresh food system. Horticultural loss was assessed in Samoa, Tonga, Fiji, the Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu, using municipal and road-side vendor surveys and commodity-specific value chain studies. Supplementary farmer and vendor surveys were then undertaken to document the fresh food distribution system, handling practice, and explore food loss mitigation or avoidance strategies.

Horticultural loss in the South Pacific was 5 to 10%, with sporadic incidences of high loss (>20%). Loss was more prevalent in the large commercial farms, or value chains sourcing product from the outer islands and semi-subsistence production systems. The primary strategy to mitigate against loss involved rapid and regular market supply, underpinned by fast market throughput. In the Pacific, “fast fresh food” is commonly relied on to compensate for a lack of effective postharvest infrastructure. We found that market vendors in Tonga actively up-regulate market supply to reduce loss, potentially limiting farmer participation in the food system. In Samoa, loss was higher in the traditional municipal markets, possibly reflecting changes in consumer purchasing behaviour. In Solomon Islands, farms tend to selectively source product from farm locations based on perceived 

While food loss in the Pacific is comparatively low, the underlying mitigation strategies can have a profound impact on the food system. Minimising food loss can influence the type and quantity of crops farmers grow, the markets they supply, and the relative criticality of reliable transport logistics.  

Objective:
The aim of this scoping review is to identify how food literacy is characterized and measured in the context of the Pacific Islands, and describe food literacy initiatives that may inform future policy, practice, and research.

Introduction:
“Food literacy” is an emerging term used to describe the knowledge, skills, and behaviors required from individuals, households, communities, or nations to make healthy food choices. Given the complexity of changing food systems and the significant health challenges facing Pacific Island communities, understanding the evidence on food literacy in Pacific Island communities may contribute to ensuring adequate nutrition for this population.

Inclusion criteria:
The scoping review will examine all evidence that broadly defines, describes, measures, or explores food literacy and/or its components in residents of Pacific Island countries and territories, of any age or gender. Evidence on initiatives implemented to improve food literacy within this population will also be considered. Countries will be limited to member countries of “the Pacific Community.”

Methods:
Key information sources to be searched for publications will include databases CABI, EBSCO, and Scopus, along with Google Scholar and Google for gray literature. Experts from relevant organizations and agencies will be contacted to locate additional sources. Results will be restricted to sources from the previous 30 years available in English and French. Data will be extracted by two or more independent reviewers using a data extraction tool. Results will be presented with a narrative summary, accompanied by tabulated and/or charted results.

Over the past few decades nutrition transition has occurred in Pacific Islands Countries (PICS), influencing the health profile of Pacific Islands populations and resulting in significant rates of diet related noncommunicable diseases (DR-NCD). In most PICS, including Fiji, imported processed foods, in particular refined rice, flour products, sugar, fatty meats, vegetable oils, and other processed foods have become predominant in most people’s diet (FAO, 2011b; WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 2003). These foods are usually higher in fat, salt and sugar compared to minimally processed foods and there is an increased availability of highly processed foods (Snowdon et al., 2013; Sievert et al., 2019). While nutritious traditional foods, such as taro, breadfruit, banana, coconut, fish and seafood, are still consumed, they are done so less frequently. There is an assumption that food systems have changed, particularly in urban areas, but more work is needed to assess this and to identify mechanisms of policy impact.
The aim of this report is to provide evidence and information to facilitate and enhance policy dialogue in various forums, to produce recommendations and a roadmap for policy change to prevent overweight, obesity and NCDs in Fiji. The information contained in this report will be synthesised for use at a UN Food Systems Summit Event in Fiji in 2021.

Background:
Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a traditional staple tree crop throughout the tropics. Through interspecific grafting, a dwarf phenotype with over 50% reduction in plant height was identified when marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) rootstocks were used. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the rootstock-induced breadfruit dwarfing is poorly understood.

Results:
An RNA-sequencing study of breadfruit scions at 22 months after grafting identified 5409 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of which 2069 were upregulated and 3339 were downregulated in scion stems on marang rootstocks compared to those on self-graft. The DEGs were predominantly enriched for biological processes involved in carbon metabolism, cell wall organization, plant hormone signal transduction and redox homeostasis. The down-regulation of genes encoding vacuolar acid invertases and alkaline/neutral invertases, was consistent with the decreased activity of both enzymes, accompanying with a higher sucrose but lower glucose and fructose levels in the tissues. Key genes of biosynthetic pathways for amino acids, lipids and cell wall were down regulated, reflecting reduction of sucrose utilisation for stem growth on dwarfing rootstocks. Genes encoding sugar transporters, amino acid transporters, choline transporters, along with large number of potassium channels and aquaporin family members were down-regulated in scion stems on marang rootstocks. Lower activity of plasma membrane H+-ATPase, together with the predominance of genes encoding expansins, wall-associated receptor kinases and key enzymes for biosynthesis and re-modelling of cellulose, xyloglucans and pectins in down-regulated DGEs suggested impairment of cell expansion. Signalling pathways of auxin and gibberellin, along with strigolacton and brassinosteroid biosynthetic genes dominated the down-regulated DEGs. Phenylpropanoid pathway was enriched, with key lignin biosynthetic genes down-regulated, and flavonoid biosynthetic genes upregulated in scions on marang rootstocks. Signalling pathways of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene and MAPK cascade were significantly enriched in the upregulated DEGs.

Conclusions:
Rootstock-induced disruption in pathways regulating nutrient transport, sucrose utilisation, cell wall biosynthesis and networks of hormone transduction are proposed to impair cell expansion and stem elongation, leading to dwarf phenotype in breadfruit scions. The information provides opportunity to develop screening strategy for rootstock breeding and selection for breadfruit dwarfing.

Our study assessed food access and availability in Auki, Solomon Islands by investigating the number, type and characteristics of food venues and characteristics of items for sale (including type, brand, price, source and quality) at one timepoint to determine feasibility for the local population to meet current guidelines. We found residents had good access to, and availability of foods from the three Pacific guidelines for a healthy lifestyle food groups, but diversity was lacking. Many fresh foods are likely seasonal suggesting there may be periods when Auki residents have greater/less access to a variety of foods, potentially impacting food security.

Objective:
This scoping review aims to identify and describe the methods used to collect and analyze dietary intake data in residents of Pacific Island countries.

Introduction:
Dietary assessment explores associations between dietary factors and health outcomes. In regions, including the Pacific Islands, where diet-related, non-communicable diseases are increasing, this is a growing area of research. As this information is used to inform food and nutrition policies and practice, accurate collection, analysis, and interpretation of dietary assessment data relies on robust methods. A greater understanding of how nutrition studies are designed can strengthen the evidence on nutrition and health in Pacific Island settings and inform future research approaches.

Inclusion criteria:
The scoping review will consider studies published in peer-reviewed journals, including quantitative and qualitative study designs and gray literature, including government reports, research and technical reports, theses and dissertations that measure and/or assess dietary intake in resident populations of the Pacific Island member countries of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community: American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, the Cook Islands, the Federated States of Micronesia, French Polynesia, Guam, the Independent State of Papua New Guinea, the Independent State of Samoa, the Kingdom of Tonga, New Caledonia, Niue, Pitcairn Islands, the Republic of Fiji, the Republic of Kiribati, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, the Republic of Nauru, the Republic of Palau, the Republic of Vanuatu, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tuvalu, Wallis and Futuna

Methods:
There will be no time limit and searches will be conducted in PubMed, CINAHL, CABI, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Results will be limited to English-language articles. Data will be extracted independently by two reviewers into a charting table. Results will be presented graphically and with tables accompanied by a narrative summary.

Breadfruit (Artocarpus altilis) is a traditional staple tree crop throughout the tropics. The species is an evergreen tree 15-20 m; there are currently no size-controlling rootstocks within the species. Through interspecific grafting, a dwarf phenotype was identified in breadfruit plants growing on Marang (Artocarpus odoratissimus) rootstocks, which displayed ~60% reduction in plant height with ~80% shorter internodes. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism underlying rootstock-induced dwarfing, we investigated the involvement of gibberellin (GA) in reduction of stem elongation. Expression of GA metabolism genes was analysed in the period from 18 to 24 months after grafting. In comparison to self-graft and non-graft, scion stems on marang rootstocks displayed decrease in expression of a GA biosynthetic gene, AaGA20ox3, and increase in expression of a GA catabolic genes, AaGA2ox1, in the tested 6-month period. Increased accumulation of DELLA proteins (GA-signalling repressors) was found in scion stems growing on marang rootstocks, together with an increased expression of a DELLA gene, AaDELLA1. Exogenous GA treatment was able to restore the stem elongation rate and the internode length of scions growing on marang rootstocks. The possibility that GA deficiency forms a component of the mechanism underlying rootstock-induced breadfruit dwarfing is discussed.