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Published VersionCC BY-NC V4.0, Open Access
Journal article
Time-to-event analysis for sports injury research part 2: time-varying outcomes
British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol.53, pp.70-78
2019
Abstract
Background Time-to-event modelling is underutilised in sports injury research. Still, sports injury researchers have been encouraged to consider time-to-event analyses as a powerful alternative to other statistical methods. Therefore, it is important to shed light on statistical approaches suitable for analysing training load related key-questions within the sports injury domain. Content In the present article, we illuminate: (i) the possibilities of including time-varying outcomes in time-to-event analyses, (ii) how to deal with a situation where different types of sports injuries are included in the analyses (ie, competing risks), and (iii) how to deal with the situation where multiple subsequent injuries occur in the same athlete. Conclusion Time-to-event analyses can handle time-varying outcomes, competing risk and multiple subsequent injuries. Although powerful, time-to-event has important requirements: researchers are encouraged to carefully consider prior to any data collection that five injuries per exposure state or transition is needed to avoid conducting statistical analyses on time-to-event data leading to biased results. This requirement becomes particularly difficult to accommodate when a stratified analysis is required as the number of variables increases exponentially for each additional strata included. In future sports injury research, we need stratified analyses if the target of our research is to respond to the question: 'how much change in training load is too much before injury is sustained, among athletes with different characteristics?' Responding to this question using multiple time-varying exposures (and outcomes) requires millions of injuries. This should not be a barrier for future research, but collaborations across borders to collecting the amount of data needed seems to be an important step forward.
Details
- Title
- Time-to-event analysis for sports injury research part 2: time-varying outcomes
- Authors
- Rasmus Oestergaard Nielsen (Author) - Aarhus UniversityMichael Lejbach Bertelsen (Author) - Aarhus UniversityDaniel Ramskov (Author) - Aarhus UniversityMerete Moller (Author) - University of Southern DenmarkAdam Hulme (Author) - University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Faculty of Science, Health, Education and EngineeringDaniel Theisen (Author) - Luxembourg Institute of HealthCaroline F Finch (Author) - Edith Cowan UniversityLauren Victoria Fortington (Author) - Edith Cowan UniversityMohammad Ali Mansournia (Author) - Tehran University of Medical SciencesErik Thorlund Parner (Author) - Aarhus University
- Publication details
- British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol.53, pp.70-78
- Publisher
- B M J Group
- Date published
- 2019
- DOI
- 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100000
- ISSN
- 0306-3674
- Copyright note
- © 2018. This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.
- Organisation Unit
- Centre for Human Factors and Systems Science; University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland
- Language
- English
- Record Identifier
- 99450627602621
- Output Type
- Journal article
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- International collaboration
- Web Of Science research areas
- Sport Sciences