The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and non-consensual condom removal in an Australian sample

Andrew Allen; Tahlia Brown; Jonathan Mason

doi:10.1080/1068316X.2026.2640594

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The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and non-consensual condom removal in an Australian sample

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and non-consensual condom removal in an Australian sample

Andrew Allen, Tahlia Brown and Jonathan Mason

Psychology, Crime & Law, Vol.Advanced access

12-Mar-2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1068316X.2026.2640594

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Abstract

stealthing

early maladaptive schemas

condom use

non-consensual condom removal

sexual violence

Non-consensual condom removal (NCCR) is a form of sexual violence involving the removal of a condom before or during sexual intercourse without a partner's knowledge or consent. There is evidence linking the perpetration of non-consensual condom removal to personality characteristics associated with condom use resistance (CUR) tactics and broader categories of sexual violence. The current study aimed to expand on this research by examining NCCR in relation to early maladaptive schemas (EMS) and Schema Theory in an Australian sample. A national cross-sectional survey of people with a penis (N = 106) measured NCCR through modifiable behavioural precursors: sexual arousal and intent to engage in the act. The results identified significant positive associations between certain EMS, CUR, and NCCR arousal but not NCCR intent. Logistic regression analyses indicated that stronger entitlement-related beliefs (e.g. expecting to get one's own way) and other-directed punitiveness (e.g. believing others should be punished for mistakes) were associated with higher odds of NCCR arousal; entitlement-related beliefs were also associated with higher odds of NCCR intent. These findings contribute to understanding the relationship between patterns of dysfunctional cognitions and the perpetration of sexual violence. Intervention efforts may benefit from targeting dysfunctional entitlement and punitive beliefs alongside condom negotiation.

Details

Title: The relationship between early maladaptive schemas and non-consensual condom removal in an Australian sample
Authors: Andrew Allen (Corresponding Author) - University of the Sunshine Coast
Tahlia Brown - Cairnmillar Institute
Jonathan Mason - Cairnmillar Institute
Publication details: Psychology, Crime & Law, Vol.Advanced access
Publisher: Routledge
DOI: 10.1080/1068316X.2026.2640594
ISSN: 1477-2744
Copyright note: © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.
Organisation Unit: School of Health - Psychology; Sexual Violence Research and Prevention Unit
Language: English
Record Identifier: 991217651302621
Output Type: Journal article

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Collaboration types: Domestic collaboration
Web Of Science research areas: Criminology & Penology; Law; Psychology, Multidisciplinary