Journal article
Surface analysis of commercial lead/acid battery grids
Applied Surface Science, Vol.84(3), pp.237-244
1995
Abstract
Various lead, lead-calcium-tin and lead-antimony battery grids have been characterized using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and metallographic microscopy. As-received, commercially produced grids are encapsulated by a thin film of lead(II) and/or lead(IV) oxide along with lead(II) hydroxide arising from atmospheric oxidation of lead. Alloy constituents (i.e., Ca, Sn and Sb) segregate to the grid surface during atmospheric oxidation; Sb(III) and/or Sb(V), Sn(II) and Ca(II) have been identified in the grid oxide layer. The influence of metallurgical structure on the oxidation-induced segregation of minor elements has been evaluated. XPS identified carbonate on the surfaces of as-received non-antimonial grids, while carbonate was not detected on antimonial grids. XPS analysis of grids aged in a humidified environment - to deliberately invoke the formation of lead carbonate - confirmed the formation of carbonate on non-antimonial grids, and the absence of carbonate on antimonial alloys. XRD phase-analysis of aged non-antimonial grids identified the basic lead carbonate hydrocerussite (2PbCO3 • Pb(OH)2). A mechanism is proposed for the antimony-free effect that is responsible for the premature capacity loss of batteries employing non-antimonial grids. © 1995.
Details
- Title
- Surface analysis of commercial lead/acid battery grids
- Authors
- Roland De Marco (Author) - University of TasmaniaJ Liesegang (Author) - La Trobe University
- Publication details
- Applied Surface Science, Vol.84(3), pp.237-244
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV, North-Holland
- Date published
- 1995
- DOI
- 10.1016/0169-4332(94)00550-8
- ISSN
- 0169-4332
- Organisation Unit
- University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland; Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research and Innovation)
- Language
- English
- Record Identifier
- 99448732402621
- Output Type
- Journal article
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- Collaboration types
- Domestic collaboration
- Web Of Science research areas
- Chemistry, Physical
- Materials Science, Coatings & Films
- Physics, Applied
- Physics, Condensed Matter
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