Abstract
This paper proposes an energy exchange strategy between a generating company (GenCO) and an electric vehicle load aggregator (EVLA) in the energy and ancillary services markets. The impact of the proposed strategy on the schedule of generation, electric vehicle (EV) charging, payoff, and offer prices is discussed especially when renewable energy and EV penetration grow. An optimal self-scheduling problem for a GenCO together with an EVLA and renewable generation units under an energy exchange strategy is presented. In the proposed method, offer prices and EV tariffs under a price-maker approach are calculated by simulating the market operator clearing process and considering uncertainties corresponding to the renewable forecasting errors and the driving patterns of EV owners. A stochastic intra-hour bi-level problem is developed for the upper and lower levels. In the upper level, a firm which owns conventional and wind generation plus EVLA maximizes the profit, while the lower-level problems correspond to the market clearings. The bi-level problem is solved as a mixed-integer linear program by the CPLEX solver. Results show that the energy exchange strategy under flexible EV tariffs results in an increase of the renewable energy penetration and the profitability of the GenCO.
