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Seedling diversity in actively and passively restored tropical forest understories
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Seedling diversity in actively and passively restored tropical forest understories

Jarrah Wills, John Herbohn, Jessie Wells, Maria Opelia Maranguit Moreno, Angela Ferraren and Jennifer Firn
Ecological Applications, Vol.31(3), pp.1-12
2021
PMCID: PMC8047924
PMID: 33421244
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Seedling diversity in actively and passively restored tropical forest understories1.07 MBDownloadView
Published Version Open Access CC BY-NC-ND V4.0
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https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2286View
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Abstract

degraded tropical forests emergent tree species human dominated landscapes intraspecific variation mechanistic phylogenetic comparative ecology recruitment
Alternative methods for restoring tropical forests influence the ecological processes that shape recruitment of understorey species. In turn, the traits of species recruited will influence the ecological processes the forests provide now and over the long‐term. We assess the phylogenetic and functional structure of seedlings beneath monoculture plantations, mixed‐species plantations (both active restoration) and regenerating selectively logged native forests (passive restoration), considering traits of specific leaf area (SLA, including within‐species variation), leaf nitrogen and phosphorus content, life‐form, potential plant height and dispersal type. Monoculture plantations comprised seedlings that were more closely related then would be expected by chance (i.e., phylogenetically clustered), and regenerating forest contained species more distantly related then would be expected by chance (i.e., phylogenetically overdispersed). This suggests that seedlings beneath monocultures assemble through environmental filtering and through the dispersal limitation of predictable functional guilds. However, dispersal limitation is frequently overcome by human‐assisted dispersal, increasing trait diversity. Comparing SLA values revealed that regenerating forests recruit seedlings with both high and low mean and variation of SLA, leading to higher overall diversity. Regenerating forest seedlings showed signs of environmental filtering, only based on within‐species variation of SLA. Regenerating forest understories appear to favour species that show a high intra‐specific variation in SLA values (e.g., Pterocarpus indicus Willd.) and at the same time provided habitat for later‐successional seedlings that show a lower intra‐specific variation in SLA (e.g., Canarium luzonicum (Blume) A.Gray). This trait diversity suggests limiting similarity or competitive exclusion may be reduced because of niche differences, allowing species with different traits to co‐exist. Phylogenetic and functionally distinct species are restricted in their regeneration capacity, many of which are of conservation significance (under the IUCN Red List). Reforestation projects should maximise desired ecological services (including conservation value) by actively managing for the recruitment of species that are phylogenetically and functionally (including intra‐specifically) distinct. This management aim will increase the probability of fulfilling a wider array of niche spaces and potentially increase the diversity of ecosystem services provided.

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