Prevalence and Management of Alkyl-Methoxypyrazines in a Changing Climate: Viticultural and Oenological Considerations

Gary J Pickering; Jim Willwerth; Andreea Botezatu; Margaret Thibodeau

doi:10.3390/biom11101521

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Prevalence and Management of Alkyl-Methoxypyrazines in a Changing Climate: Viticultural and Oenological Considerations

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Prevalence and Management of Alkyl-Methoxypyrazines in a Changing Climate: Viticultural and Oenological Considerations

Gary J Pickering, Jim Willwerth, Andreea Botezatu and Margaret Thibodeau

Biomolecules, Vol.11(10), pp.1-19

2021

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11101521

PMCID: PMC8533812

PMID: 34680154

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Abstract

grape secondary metabolites

wine

ethoxypyrazines

climate change

ladybug taint

climate adaptation

Alkyl-methoxypyrazines are an important class of odor-active molecules that contribute green, ‘unripe’ characters to wine and are considered undesirable in most wine styles. They are naturally occurring grape metabolites in many cultivars, but can also be derived from some Coccinellidae species when these ‘ladybugs’ are inadvertently introduced into the must during harvesting operations. The projected impacts of climate change are discussed, and we conclude that these include an altered alkyl-methoxypyrazine composition in grapes and wines in many wine regions. Thus, a careful consideration of how to manage them in both the vineyard and winery is important and timely. This review brings together the relevant literatures on viticultural and oenological interventions aimed at mitigating alkyl-methoxypyrazine loads, and makes recommendations on their management with an aim to maintaining wine quality under a changing and challenging climate.

Details

Title: Prevalence and Management of Alkyl-Methoxypyrazines in a Changing Climate: Viticultural and Oenological Considerations
Authors: Gary J Pickering (Author) - University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Sustainability Research Cluster
Jim Willwerth (Author) - Brock University
Andreea Botezatu (Author) - Texas A&M University
Margaret Thibodeau (Author) - Brock University
Publication details: Biomolecules, Vol.11(10), pp.1-19
Publisher: MDPI AG
Date published: 2021
DOI: 10.3390/biom11101521
ISSN: 2218-273X
PMID: 34680154; PMC8533812
Copyright note: Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Organisation Unit: University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland; Sustainability Research Cluster
Language: English
Record Identifier: 99578905002621
Output Type: Journal article

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Collaboration types: Domestic collaboration; International collaboration
Web Of Science research areas: Biochemistry & Molecular Biology