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Journal article
Multi-region investigation of 'man' as default in attitudes
PLoS One, Vol.20(6), pp.1-19
2025
PMID: 40560856
Abstract
Previous research has studied the extent to which men are the default members of social groups in terms of memory, categorization, and stereotyping, but not attitudes which is critical because of attitudes' relationship to behavior. Results from our survey (N > 5000) collected via a globally distributed laboratory network in over 40 regions demonstrated that attitudes toward Black people and politicians had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward the men rather than the women of the group. However, attitudes toward White people had a stronger relationship with attitudes toward White women than White men, whereas attitudes toward East Asian people, police officers, and criminals did not have a stronger relationship with attitudes toward either the men or women of each respective group. Regional agreement with traditional gender roles was explored as a potential moderator. These findings have implications for understanding the unique forms of prejudice women face around the world.
Details
- Title
- Multi-region investigation of 'man' as default in attitudes
- Authors
- Curtis Edward Phills (Corresponding Author) - University of North FloridaJeremy K Miller - Willamette UniversityErin M Buchanan - Harrisburg University of Science and TechnologyAmanda Williams - Regional Municipality of WaterlooChanel Meyers - University of OregonElizabeth R Brown - University of North FloridaJanis Zickfeld - Aarhus UniversitySelina Volsa - Karl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesStefan Stieger - Karl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesElisabeth Oberzaucher - University of ViennaVinka Mlakic - Karl Landsteiner University of Health SciencesMartin Vasilev - Bournemouth Universityİlker Dalgar - Istanbul Medipol UniversitySami Çoksan - Erzurum Technical UniversitySinem Söylemez - Manisa Celal Bayar UniversityÇağlar Solak - Manisa Celal Bayar UniversityAsil Ali Özdoğru - Üsküdar UniversityBelemir Çoktok - Üsküdar UniversityChun-Chia Kung - National Cheng Kung UniversityPanita Suavansri - Chulalongkorn UniversityHarry Manley - Chulalongkorn UniversitySara Álvarez-Solas - Universidad Regional Amazónica IKIAMDanilo Zambrano Ricaurte - Fundación Universitaria Konrad LorenzIvan Ropovik - Charles UniversityGabriel Baník - University of Pavol Jozef ŠafárikPeter Babinčák - University of PrešovMatúš Adamkovič - University of JyväskyläPavol Kačmár - University of Pavol Jozef ŠafárikMonika Hricová - University of Pavol Jozef ŠafárikJozef Bavoľár - University of Pavol Jozef ŠafárikLisa Li - University of MacauFei Gao - University of MacauZhong Chen - University of MacauVanja Ković - University of BelgradeVasilije Gvozdenović - University of BelgradePatrícia Arriaga - Iscte – Instituto Universitário de LisboaKatarzyna Filip - Jagiellonian UniversityKrystian Barzykowski - Jagiellonian UniversitySylwia Adamus - Jagiellonian UniversityGerit Pfuhl - UiT The Arctic University of NorwaySarah E Martiny - UiT The Arctic University of NorwayKristoffer Klevjer - UiT The Arctic University of NorwayFrederike S Woelfert - University of OsloChristian K Tamnes - University of OsloJonas R Kunst - University of OsloMax Korbmacher - Western Norway University of Applied SciencesMargaret Messiah Singh - Pandit Ravishankar Shukla UniversitySraddha Pradhan - Pandit Ravishankar Shukla UniversityNoorshama Parveen - Pandit Ravishankar Shukla UniversityArti Parganiha - Pandit Ravishankar Shukla UniversityBabita Pande - Pandit Ravishankar Shukla UniversityPratibha Kujur - Pandit Ravishankar Shukla UniversityPriyanka Chandel - Pandit Ravishankar Shukla UniversityNiv Reggev - Ben-Gurion University of the NegevAviv Mokady - Ben-Gurion University of the NegevMarietta Papadatou-Pastou - National and Kapodistrian University of AthensRoxane Schnepper - Witten/Herdecke UniversityJan Philipp Röer - Witten/Herdecke UniversityTilli Ripp - Witten/Herdecke UniversityEkaterina Pronizius - University of ViennaClaus Lamm - University of ViennaMartin Voracek - University of ViennaJerome Olsen - University of ViennaJanina Enachescu - University of ViennaCarlota Batres - Franklin & Marshall CollegeDaniel Storage - University of DenverCarmel A Levitan - Occidental CollegeManyu Li - University of Louisiana at LafayetteLeigh Ann Vaughn - Ithaca CollegeWilliam J Chopik - Michigan State UniversityKathleen Schmidt - Ashland UniversityPeter R Mallik - Decision ResearchSavannah Lewis - University of AlabamaBrynna Leach - Ashland UniversityBrianna Jurosic - Ashland UniversityDavid Moreau - University of AucklandIzuchukwu Lawrence Gabriel Ndukaihe - Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-AlikeNwadiogo Chisom Arinze - Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-AlikeSteve M J Janssen - University of Nottingham Malaysia CampusAlicia Foo - University of Nottingham Malaysia CampusChrystalle B Y Tan - University of LeicesterGlenn P Williams - University of SunderlandDanny Riis - Abertay UniversityBethany M Lane - Abertay UniversityDermot Lynott - National University of Ireland, MaynoothThomas Rhys Evans - Coventry UniversityMiroslav Sirota - University of EssexDawn L Holford - University of EssexKaitlyn M Werner - Carleton UniversityKelly Wang - Carleton UniversityMarina Milyavskaya - Carleton UniversityIan D Stephen - Macquarie UniversityRobert M Ross - Macquarie UniversityAndrew Roberts - Macquarie UniversityOmid Ghasemi - UNSW SydneyNiklas K Steffens - The University of QueenslandKim Peters - The University of QueenslandBarnaby Dixson - University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, School of Health - PsychologyMarco Antonio Correa Varella - Universidade de São PauloJaroslava V Valentova - Universidade de São PauloSee article for complete list of authors (Author)
- Publication details
- PLoS One, Vol.20(6), pp.1-19
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science
- Date published
- 2025
- DOI
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0323938
- ISSN
- 1932-6203
- PMID
- 40560856
- Copyright note
- © 2025 Phills et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
- Data Availability
- The final analysis code is available from OSF at https://osf.io/cj4tx/ (part of the https://osf.io/7etnw/ project)
- Grant note
- M.A. was supported by Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV-20-0319) (https://www.apvv.sk/?lang=en). R.M.R. was supported by Australian Research Council (DP180102384) (https://www.arc.gov.au/) and the John Templeton Foundation (62631) (https://www.templeton.org/). Z.K. was supported by János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Science (BO/00746/20) (https://mta.hu/bolyai-osztondij/bolyai-janos-kutatasi-osztondij-105319) G.P.W. was supported by Leverhulme Trust Research Project Grant (RPG-2016-093) (https://www.leverhulme.ac.uk/research-project-grants). I.R. was supported by NPO Systemic Risk Institute (LX22NPO5101) (https://www.syri.cz)). K.B. was supported by National Science Centre, Poland (2019/35/B/HS6/00528) (https://www.ncn.gov.pl/en). G.B. was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV 22-0458) (https://www.apvv.sk/?lang=en). P.A. was supported by Portuguese National Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT UID/PSI/03125/2019) (https://www.fct.pt/en/). M.H. was supported by VEGA 1/0145/23. G.B. was supported by PRIMUS/20/HUM/009. A.L.M. was supported by FAPESP n 2018/16370-5.
- Organisation Unit
- Australian Centre for Pacific Islands Research; School of Health - Psychology
- Language
- English
- Record Identifier
- 991140406002621
- Output Type
- Journal article
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