In vitro formation and growth of glycogen: experimental verification of theoretical predictions

Xin Liu; Ziyi Wang; Xin Lin; Wang Xu; Mitchell A. Sullivan; Robert G. Gilbert

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124148

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In vitro formation and growth of glycogen: experimental verification of theoretical predictions

Journal article

Peer reviewed

In vitro formation and growth of glycogen: experimental verification of theoretical predictions

Xin Liu, Ziyi Wang, Xin Lin, Wang Xu, Mitchell A. Sullivan and Robert G. Gilbert

Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol.368(Part 1), pp.1-8

2025

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124148

PMID: 40912811

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2026.125037View

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Abstract

glycogen

branched polymer

in vitro synthesis

diabetes

Glycogen is a complex branched glucose polymer that serves as energy reservoir in animals and some bacteria; it has also been synthesized in vitro. It comprises small β particles linked in large aggregates termed α particles. Theory, based on the evolutionary processes which cause these particles to be formed, suggests that if all ingredients for in vitro particle synthesis were added to a suspension of α particles, then these will grow to a steady-state size distribution, after which new particles will be formed. Here, this prediction is experimentally tested and found to be verified, using in vitro glycogen β particles as the starting point. The latter were made by the method of Ciric and Loos, Carbohydrate Polymers 2013, 93, 31; this was chosen because there are considerably less components than in an in vivo system, namely glycogen synthase, glycogen branching enzyme, glycogen debranching enzyme, glycogen phosphorylase and α-glucosidase. It was also found that new-particle formation was only found starting with β particles formed in vivo, but not with those synthesized in vitro; this implies that in vivo β particles contain one or more substances additional to those in the “minimal” in vitro particle synthesis used here.

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Title: In vitro formation and growth of glycogen: experimental verification of theoretical predictions
Authors: Xin Liu - Yangzhou University
Ziyi Wang - Yangzhou University
Xin Lin - The University of Queensland
Wang Xu - The University of Queensland
Mitchell A. Sullivan - University of the Sunshine Coast
Robert G. Gilbert (Corresponding Author) - Yangzhou University
Additional notes: Corrigendum: The authors regret that Dr. Mitchell Sullivan was unintentionally omitted from the author list of the above-mentioned article at the time of publication.
Publication details: Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol.368(Part 1), pp.1-8
Publisher: Elsevier Ltd
Date published: 2025
DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2025.124148
ISSN: 1879-1344
PMID: 40912811
Data Availability: Data will be made available on request.
Grant note: RGG gratefully acknowledges funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number C1304013151101138, and the Priority Academic Program of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions.
Organisation Unit: School of Health - Biomedicine; Centre for Bioinnovation
Language: English
Record Identifier: 991222620402621
Output Type: Journal article

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Collaboration types: Domestic collaboration; International collaboration
Web Of Science research areas: Chemistry, Applied; Chemistry, Organic; Polymer Science

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