Identifying factors that underpin human-machine teamwork for joint crewed-uncrewed aerial vehicle operations: application of the grounded theory approach

Sophie G. Hart; Victoria A. Steane; Katie J. Parnell; Katherine L. Plant; Mohammad Soorati; Mark S. Young

doi:10.1080/1463922X.2026.2718460

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Identifying factors that underpin human-machine teamwork for joint crewed-uncrewed aerial vehicle operations: application of the grounded theory approach

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Identifying factors that underpin human-machine teamwork for joint crewed-uncrewed aerial vehicle operations: application of the grounded theory approach

Sophie G. Hart, Victoria A. Steane, Katie J. Parnell, Katherine L. Plant, Mohammad Soorati and Mark S. Young

Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, Vol.Advanced Access

02-Sep-2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1463922X.2026.2718460

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Abstract

Human-machine teamwork

crewed-uncrewed vehicle operations

Artificial Intelligence

sociotechnical systems

Crewed-uncrewed aerial vehicle operations are being viewed as a novel concept of operations that could respond to increasing adversarial threats. Its realisation vastly depends on the partnership between human operators and advanced machine agents. This implicates the criticality of human-machine teamwork. Whilst factors required for effective teamwork exist, their development is grounded in literature focusing on human-human partnerships. A systematic literature review was conducted focusing on the factors that underpin human-machine teamwork. Eight themes were identified: Distributed Situation Awareness, bi-directional communication, agent coordination, augmented decision-making, trust management, mutual performance monitoring, compensatory strategies and behavioural adaptation. The insights developed from these factors identified system and design recommendations for future crewed-uncrewed aerial vehicle operations. A network model was developed which identifies the interconnections between each theme and proposes formalised propositions to describe these relationships for human-machine teams.

Details

Title: Identifying factors that underpin human-machine teamwork for joint crewed-uncrewed aerial vehicle operations: application of the grounded theory approach
Authors: Sophie G. Hart (Corresponding Author) - University of Southampton
Victoria A. Steane (Author) - Thales (United Kingdom)
Katie J. Parnell (Author) - University of Southampton
Katherine L. Plant (Author) - University of the Sunshine Coast
Mohammad Soorati (Author) - University of Southampton
Mark S. Young (Author) - University of Southampton
Publication details: Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, Vol.Advanced Access
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
DOI: 10.1080/1463922X.2026.2718460
ISSN: 1464-536X
Copyright note: © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.
Grant note: This research was funded by Thales UK and the Engineering and Physical Science Research Council.
Organisation Unit: Centre for Human Factors and Systems Science
Language: English
Record Identifier: 991266696202621
Output Type: Journal article

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