Flush toilet use and its impact on health and non-health expenditures

Junpeng Li; Puneet Vatsa; Wanglin Ma

doi:10.1002/jid.3889

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Flush toilet use and its impact on health and non-health expenditures

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

Flush toilet use and its impact on health and non-health expenditures

Junpeng Li, Puneet Vatsa and Wanglin Ma

Journal of International Development, Vol.36(4), pp.2022-2046

2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.3889

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Abstract

China

flush toilet use

health expenditure

IV-Tobit

non-health expenditure

endogenous treatment regression

This study analysed the effects of flush toilet use on health and non-health expenditures incurred by rural Chinese. The instrumental-variable-based Tobit and endogenous treatment regression models were used to analyse the 2016 China Labour Force Dynamics Survey data while addressing the selection bias inherent in flush toilet use. The results showed that by improving rural residents' physical and mental health, flush toilet use reduced per capita health expenditure while increasing non-health expenditure. Furthermore, using flush toilets had positive spillover effects, reducing the health expenditures of even those who did not use them. Factors affecting flush toilet use were also analysed.

Details

Title: Flush toilet use and its impact on health and non-health expenditures
Authors: Junpeng Li - Huaiyin Normal University
Puneet Vatsa - Lincoln University
Wanglin Ma (Corresponding Author) - Lincoln University
Publication details: Journal of International Development, Vol.36(4), pp.2022-2046
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Date published: 2024
DOI: 10.1002/jid.3889
ISSN: 1099-1328; 0954-1748
Copyright note: This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Grant note: This paper is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No.:72103075), the National Statistical Science Research Project (Project No.: 2023LY033), and the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education (Project No.: 2020SJA1763).
Organisation Unit: School of Business and Creative Industries
Language: English
Record Identifier: 991148737602621
Output Type: Journal article