Factors That Influence Technology-Facilitated Intimate Partner Violence: A Scoping Review Using Systems Thinking

Nicole T Liddell; Nadine McKillop; Paul Salmon; Gemma Read

doi:10.1177/15248380261467496

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Factors That Influence Technology-Facilitated Intimate Partner Violence: A Scoping Review Using Systems Thinking

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

Factors That Influence Technology-Facilitated Intimate Partner Violence: A Scoping Review Using Systems Thinking

Nicole T Liddell, Nadine McKillop, Paul Salmon and Gemma Read

Trauma, Violence & Abuse, Vol.Advanced access

13-Aug-2026

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380261467496

PMID: 42593057

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Abstract

systems thinking

technology- or image-based abuse

psychological/emotional abuse

gender-based violence

coercive control

intimate partner violence/abuse

Technology-facilitated intimate partner violence (TFIPV) is increasingly featured in cases of intimate partner violence and intimate partner homicide. There is emerging recognition of the use of technology to abuse and control intimate partners in domestic abuse research and the inherent complexity of TFIPV is evident. As such, a better understanding of the factors that influence TFIPV is necessary. This scoping review aimed to synthesise extant literature on factors known to influence TFIPV. The review included 84 peer-reviewed primary sources that focused on adult intimate relationships (at least 18 years of age), had full-text versions in English, and included individual, situational, environmental, technological, and systemic factors found to increase the likelihood of TFIPV. The influencing factors were extracted and mapped onto a systems-thinking-based framework, Rasmussen's Risk Management Framework. This synthesis identified 28 higher-order themes across the TFIPV system hierarchy. Most of the factors within these themes related to lower levels of the system (e.g. perpetrators, victim-survivors, social environment, device and software capabilities), with limited consideration of broader systemic factors that influence TFIPV. Of the broader systemic factors that were identified, most related to inadequate responses to TFIPV by government, judicial system, technology industry regulators, and police. Future research should consider the use of systems-thinking-based frameworks and methods in understanding and addressing this complex and pervasive problem from a whole-of-system perspective.

Details

Title: Factors That Influence Technology-Facilitated Intimate Partner Violence: A Scoping Review Using Systems Thinking
Authors: Nicole T Liddell (Corresponding Author) - University of the Sunshine Coast
Nadine McKillop - University of the Sunshine Coast
Paul Salmon - University of the Sunshine Coast
Gemma Read - University of the Sunshine Coast
Publication details: Trauma, Violence & Abuse, Vol.Advanced access
Publisher: Sage Publications, Inc.
DOI: 10.1177/15248380261467496
ISSN: 1552-8324
PMID: 42593057
Copyright note: © The Author(s) 2026. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages (https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).
Grants: Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship, RTP, Department of Education (Australia, Canberra)
Organisation Unit: Centre for Human Factors and Systems Science; Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Academic); School of Health - Psychology; School of Law and Society; Sexual Violence Research and Prevention Unit
Language: English
Record Identifier: 991250587202621
Output Type: Journal article

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