Enf Based Digital Multimedia Forensics: Survey, Application, Challenges And Future Work

Ericmoore T Ngharamike; Kenneth Li-Minn Ang; Jasmine Kah Phooi Seng; Mingzhong Wang

doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3312181

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Enf Based Digital Multimedia Forensics: Survey, Application, Challenges And Future Work

Journal article

Open access

Peer reviewed

Enf Based Digital Multimedia Forensics: Survey, Application, Challenges And Future Work

Ericmoore T Ngharamike, Kenneth Li-Minn Ang, Jasmine Kah Phooi Seng and Mingzhong Wang

IEEE Access, Vol.11, pp.101241-101272

2023

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3312181

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Abstract

electric network frequency (ENF)

ENF detection

ENF estimation

audio and video forsensic

ENF applications

The electric network frequency (ENF) represents the transmission frequency of the electrical grid and fluctuates constantly around 50 Hz or 60 Hz, subject to the region. This constant fluctuation, caused by the continuous mismatch in power demand and supply, makes the ENF a unique signature, which can be utilized for several applications. According to studies, the ENF may be intrinsically implanted in audio recordings captured by digital audio recorders (e.g., microphone-based voice recorder) plugged into the mains supply or are situated close to sources of power and power transmission cable due to electromagnetic field interference originated from power source or acoustic hum and mechanical vibrations emitted by electrically operated devices such as regular household appliances. Recent studies further observed that video recordings made under an illumination source powered by main power can pick up the ENF signal. Following this discovery, several research efforts have been invested towards successful and accurate extraction of the ENF signal, and utilizing the ENF signal retrieved for several applications, including time stamp verification, audio/video authentication, location of recording estimation, power grid identification, estimation of camera read-out time, and video record synchronization. To the best of our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive survey on ENF-based multimedia forensics. Thus, in this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of studies conducted in this field, identifying several application specifics, current challenges, and future research directions.

Details

Title: Enf Based Digital Multimedia Forensics: Survey, Application, Challenges And Future Work
Authors: Ericmoore T Ngharamike (Author) - University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, School of Science, Technology and Engineering
Kenneth Li-Minn Ang (Corresponding Author) - University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, School of Science, Technology and Engineering
Jasmine Kah Phooi Seng (Author) - Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University
Mingzhong Wang (Author) - University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, School of Science, Technology and Engineering
Publication details: IEEE Access, Vol.11, pp.101241-101272
Publisher: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Date published: 2023
DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3312181
ISSN: 2169-3536
Copyright note: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.
Organisation Unit: School of Science, Technology and Engineering; Engage Research Lab
Language: English
Record Identifier: 99749598802621
Output Type: Journal article

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Collaboration types: Domestic collaboration; International collaboration
Web Of Science research areas: Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications