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Published VersionCC BY V4.0, Open Access
Journal article
Effects of climate warming on energetics and habitat of the world's largest marine ectotherm
Science of The Total Environment, Vol.951, pp.1-15
2024
Abstract
Responses of organisms to climate warming are variable and complex. Effects on species distributions are already evident and mean global surface ocean temperatures are likely to warm by up to 4.1 °C by 2100, substantially impacting the physiology and distributions of ectotherms. The largest marine ectotherm, the whale shark Rhincodon typus, broadly prefers sea surface temperatures (SST) ranging from 23 to 30 °C. Whole-species distribution models have projected a poleward range shift under future scenarios of climate change, but these models do not consider intraspecific variation or phenotypic plasticity in thermal limits when modelling species responses, and the impact of climate warming on the energetic requirements of whale sharks is unknown. Using a dataset of 111 whale shark movement tracks from aggregation sites in five countries across the Indian Ocean and the latest Earth-system modelling produced from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, we examined how SST and total zooplankton biomass, their main food source, may change in the future, and what this means for the energetic balance and extent of suitable habitat for whale sharks. Earth System Models, under three Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs; SSP1–2.6, SSP3–7.0 and SSP5–8.5), project that by 2100 mean SST in four regions where whale shark aggregations are found will increase by up to 4.9 °C relative to the present, while zooplankton biomass will decrease. This reduction in zooplankton is projected to be accompanied by an increase in the energetic requirements of whale sharks because warmer water temperatures will increase their metabolic rate. We found marked differences in projected changes in the extent of suitable habitat when comparing a whole-species distribution model to one including regional variation. This suggests that the conventional approach of combining data from different regions within a species' distribution could underestimate the amount of local adaptation in populations, although parameterising local models could also suffer from having insufficient data and lead to model mis-specification or highly uncertain estimates. Our study highlights the need for further research into whale shark thermal tolerances and energetics, the complexities involved in projecting species responses to climate change, and the potential importance of considering intraspecific variation when building species distribution models.
Details
- Title
- Effects of climate warming on energetics and habitat of the world's largest marine ectotherm
- Authors
- Samantha D. Reynolds (Corresponding Author) - The University of QueenslandCraig E. Franklin (Author) - The University of QueenslandBradley M. Norman (Author) - Murdoch UniversityAnthony J. Richardson (Author) - The University of QueenslandJason D. Everett (Author) - The University of QueenslandDavid S. Schoeman (Author) - University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, School of Science, Technology and EngineeringCraig R. White (Author) - Monash UniversityChristopher L. Lawson (Author) - The University of QueenslandSimon J. Pierce (Author) - University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, School of Science, Technology and EngineeringChristoph A. Rohner (Author) - Marine Megafauna FoundationSteffen S. Bach (Author) - RambollFrancesco G. Comezzi (Author) - Department of Natural Resources and Environment TasmaniaStella Diamant (Author) - Marine Megafauna FoundationMohammed Y. Jaidah (Author) - Qatar Whale Shark ResearchDavid P. Robinson (Author) - Qatar Whale Shark ResearchRoss G. Dwyer (Author) - University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, School of Science, Technology and Engineering
- Publication details
- Science of The Total Environment, Vol.951, pp.1-15
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Date published
- 2024
- DOI
- 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175832
- ISSN
- 1879-1026; 0048-9697
- Copyright note
- © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
- Data Availability
- Data will be made available on request.
- Grant note
- SDR was supported by an Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship and a stipend top-up scholarship from Thyne Reid Foundation. Financial support for the research was provided by the Holsworth Wildlife Research Endowment awarded to SDR from the Ecological Society of Australia and grants to BMN from the Estate of the late Winifred Violet Scott and The Rolex Awards for Enterprise.
- Organisation Unit
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering
- Language
- English
- Record Identifier
- 991058398702621
- Output Type
- Journal article
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