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Complexity in the beautiful game: implications for football research and practice
Journal article   Open access   Peer reviewed

Complexity in the beautiful game: implications for football research and practice

Paul M Salmon and Scott McLean
Science and Medicine in Football, Vol.4(2), pp.162-167
2020
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Accepted Version Open Access
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https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2019.1699247View
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Abstract

complexity football systems thinking emergence modelling
Like many other sports, football is increasingly being described as a complex system. To date, however, there has been little explanation of complexity beyond the team level, and no formal examination of the extent to which the known characteristics of complex systems are present in football. This commentary reviews known characteristics of complex systems and discusses the extent to which football match, club, and league sub-systems exhibit them. It is argued that all three football sub-systems do indeed exhibit the characteristics of complexity, and as such it is concluded that football can be described as a complex system. The implications for future football research and practice are discussed. Applications of complex systems modelling techniques are encouraged, both to model football systems and to identify how different systemic variables interact to influence performance. A paradigm shift away from reductionism toward holism in football research is advocated.

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