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Characterisation of carbonaceous combustion residues: I. Morphological, elemental and spectroscopic features
Journal article   Peer reviewed

Characterisation of carbonaceous combustion residues: I. Morphological, elemental and spectroscopic features

M B Fernandes, J O Skjemstad, B B Johnson, J D Wells and Peter R Brooks
Chemosphere, Vol.51(8), pp.785-795
2003
url
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00098-5View
Published Version

Abstract

biomass burning residues fossil fuel residues soot charcoal black carbon SRM1649a SRM1650a
Scanning electron microscopy, surface area determination, elemental analysis, organic matter extraction and solid-state cross polarization/magic angle spinning and Bloch decay/magic angle spinning 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy were used to investigate distinctive features among carbonaceous combustion residues. Black carbon (BC) samples included diesel soot, urban dust, carbon black, chimney soot, vegetation fire residues, wood and straw charcoals. The ratios of amorphous to soot carbon (SC) (isolated by thermal degradation) were not necessarily correlated with the degree of aromaticity estimated from H/C ratios. Solvent-extractable organic matter (SEOM) was less than 2% for charcoals and carbon black, but greater than 13% for urban dust, chimney and diesel soot. SEOM is thought to clog pores or to form large waxy globules, hence reducing surface areas. The ratio of polar/nonpolar SEOM was generally less than 7 for fossil BC, but greater than 30 for plant-derived BC. NMR analysis revealed essentially one chemical shift in the aromatic C region of charcoals, while diesel soot also showed important aliphatic contributions. Aliphatic and oxygenated C predominated over aryl C in urban dust and chimney soot. These morphological and chemical characteristics of the BC samples are discussed in terms of their environmental implications.

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