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Regulating safety in adventure activities: Improving the structure of the system with Cognitive Work Analysis
Dissertation   Open access

Regulating safety in adventure activities: Improving the structure of the system with Cognitive Work Analysis

Anthony W Carden
University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland
Doctor of Philosophy, University of the Sunshine Coast
2019
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.25907/00648
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Abstract

regulation safety system design systems thinking outdoor adventure
Led outdoor activities (LOA) allow participants to access a wide range of outdoor activities such hiking, canoeing, rock climbing. LOA providers include commercial businesses, community organisations, and schools. In providing outdoor activity leadership, expertise, equipment, logistics, and planning, these organisations assume some responsibility for the safety of participants. External efforts to regulate how those organisations assure safety and other aspects of LOA service provision have taken many forms over time and across jurisdictions. These efforts have included statutory regulations, standards, and guidelines. They have included accreditation and licensing of both provider organisations and individual outdoor activity leaders. The effectiveness and integrity of regulatory mechanisms has often been called into question in the wake of critical incidents and fatalities that have occurred during LOAs. Resulting reviews and reforms of these regulatory mechanisms have consequently occurred around the world. Notwithstanding these developments, there is little evidence to gauge which of these mechanisms, if any, is more or less effective than others. It is therefore perhaps unsurprising to find that some jurisdictions have multiple, sometimes overlapping mechanisms in place to regulate LOA. This proliferation, along with the lack of evidence to gauge the effectiveness of regulatory mechanisms or combinations of them, leaves both providers and community stakeholders uncertain about how best to regulate LOA.

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