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Exploitation and Culture of Major Commercial Species
Book chapter   Peer reviewed

Exploitation and Culture of Major Commercial Species

Paul C Southgate, E Strack, A Hart, K T Wada, M Monteforte, M Cariño, S Langy, C Lo, H Acosta-Salmón and A Wang
The Pearl Oyster, pp.303-355
Elsevier Science Ltd.
2008
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52976-3.00009-7
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https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-52976-3.00009-7View
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Abstract

pearl oyster
This chapter provides information on cultured pearl production from the major commercial species and outlines problems encountered by these industries and bottlenecks to production. This chapter also presents broad information on the culture methods used for pearl oysters Commercial exploitation of pearl oysters goes back many centuries. Exploitation of Akoya pearl oysters for natural pearls has a long history with the earliest record of a pearl fishery being in India in 400 BC. Four Pinctada spp. have been the main targets: Akoya, P. maxima, P. margaritifera, and P. mazatlanica The initial industries were generally based on the collection of shells for MOP, with natural pearls being found incidentally. Over-fishing of pearl oyster resources was a major factor in considering culture of pearl oysters for restocking and pearl production. Production of round cultured pearls from Akoya pearl oysters in Japan began in 1916 and the number of farms increased rapidly. The technology for producing cultured pearls subsequently spread to other countries and other species during the 20th century, with Japanese companies and Japanese technicians being strongly involved. Japan has also remained a major center for pearl marketing despite this diversification of the cultured pearl industry. Pearl fisheries and pearl culture industries have been characterized by large fluctuations in production and value. Fisheries have been affected by stock exhaustion and the development of plastic buttons. Cultured pearls are a luxury item and market fluctuations in demand and value reflect contemporary conditions of economic prosperity, supply versus demand, fashion, and pearl quality. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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