Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the nervous system and the neuroscience of sensation. It describes the anatomy and physiology of the general and special sense systems, from receptors throughout the body to the central nervous system. The cortical areas responsible for receiving and processing different types of sensory stimuli are outlined, and the role of the thalamus as a sensory relay station is introduced. The neuroscience of typical sensory processing and modulation are presented with key neuromodulatory systems explained, including the processes of habituation and sensitization, the role of neurotransmitters, the autonomic nervous system, and neuroplasticity. The complexity of this system is highlighted, along with how disruptions in any part can lead to difficulties in perceiving and interacting with the external environment or recognizing internal body signals. As the next chapters will show, such difficulties are often closely linked with mental health conditions.