Abstract
Aquatic ecosystems, encompassing freshwater and marine environments, are vital for global ecological balance and human well-being. This concluding chapter delves into the diverse classifications of aquatic ecosystems and their ecological significance, emphasizing their pivotal role in supporting biodiversity, regulating climate, and providing economic services. It discusses traditional and advanced monitoring techniques, including molecular-level monitoring with environmental DNA (eDNA), traditional in situ or lab-based experiments, and regional and global monitoring using geospatial technology consisting of remote sensing, GIS, and GNSS for providing data input and processing platform. Remote sensing, in particular, is highlighted for its ability to provide comprehensive and timely information over large spatial extents, enabling robust monitoring and assessment of aquatic ecosystems. The chapter also explores the importance of remote sensing in understanding various water quality parameters, detecting environmental changes, and assessing the impacts of climate change. Challenges associated with conventional and technological approaches to studying aquatic ecosystems are discussed, alongside recent advancements in geospatial data collection and analytics. Overall, this chapter underscores the indispensable role of remote sensing in aquatic ecosystem monitoring using derived parameters and Trophic Status Index for assessing health conditions of aquatic ecosystems. Thus, it isoffering powerful tools and techniques for sustainable management and conservation efforts.