Day-To-Day Reliability of Common Measures of Hydration Status in Australian Judoka

Reid Reale; David Martin; Israel Halperin; Emily Dunn; Michael Maloney; Ian Dunican; Greg Shaw; Clare Humberstone; Hamilton Lee; Gary Slater; Louise Burke

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000478284.03181.da

(No relationships reported) PURPOSE: This study assessed differences between pediatric athletes' anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstructed limb and non-reconstructed limb compared to limbs with no lower extremity surgical history during a side-step cut. METHODS: 28 limbs with an ACL reconstruction within the 12 months prior to testing (operative limbs), 28 contralateral limbs (non-operative limbs) and 56 limbs with no lower extremity surgical history (control limbs; 28 individuals) were evaluated. Kinematic and kinetic data was recorded during the deceleration phase of a cut. Outcomes were evaluated at initial foot contact and between initial foot contact and maximum knee flexion of the cutting limb. Differences were assessed using analysis of variance. RESULTS: Operative limbs had higher peak hip adduction (p=0.01) and average external knee valgus moments (p=0.02) compared to control limbs. In terms of shock absorption, operative limbs had lower peak ground reaction forces (p<0.0001) and peak ankle dorsiflexion (p=0.002) compared to control limbs with lower peak external knee flexor moments (p<0.0001) and less power absorption at the knee (p=0.05) and ankle (p=0.01). Though non-operative limbs had lower knee valgus (p=0.04) at initial contact, they had higher peak knee valgus (p=0.04) and average external knee valgus moments compared to control limbs. Non-operative limbs also had less pelvic obliquity compared to control limbs (p=0.04). Lower peak ground reaction forces (p=0.005), increased power absorption at the hip (p=0.005), and decreased power absorption at the ankle (p=0.09) were seen in non-operative compared to control limbs. CONCLUSIONS: Limbs with ACL reconstruction exhibited poorer hip stability compared to control limbs. ACL reconstructed limbs also had less energy absorption at the knee and lower peak vertical ground reaction forces, likely reflecting an avoidance strategy when performing a cut. The uninjured, contralateral limbs of ACL reconstructed patients also demonstrated reduced ground reaction forces and altered neuromuscular control. These changes may reflect overall tentativeness in performing a cut but also suggest suboptimal neuromuscular control that possibly lends insight into the increased risk of contralateral ACL tear in patients who have sustained an index ACL tear. These findings support the need for ongoing research into rehabilitation protocols and return to sport timing. BACKGROUND: Understanding day to day reliability of techniques used to monitor hydration status is important for interventional studies aimed at manipulating total body water (TBW) and body mass (BM). BM, urine osmolality and TBW (measured via electrical impedance) have all been used to assess hydration status. Multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (MF-BIS) has been validated using dilution methods and provides estimates of TBW, intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). Reliability studies provide insight into signal-to-noise ratios and are required to establish minimum worthwhile differences for experimental interventions. PURPOSE: To establish day to day reliability of BM and MF-BIS estimates of TBW in Australian Judoka during an international camp. METHODS: 14 Australian national male judoka were tested prior to breakfast on D1, D2, D4, and D6 of an international training camp including 3 daily training sessions (~5hr.d-1). 4 athletes (18.0±1.0y, 178.9±10.2 cm, 82.4±25.4 kg, 14.3±9.9% Bfat;) were asked to hyper-hydrate (HH) by consuming >20% more than habitual fluid intake whereas 8 athletes (19.8±3.1y, 176.7±10.7 cm, 79.8±16.3 kg, 11.6±4.3% Bfat) consumed fluid ad libitum (NORM). Each morning prior to breakfast BM was measured and TBW was estimated using MF-BIS (Impedimed SFB7, MF-BIS). %CV was used to quantify variability of the dependant variable for each athlete based on results over the 4 days. Body water changes from D1 were compared to changes in BM using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Despite the HH group drinking >20% more fluid, day-today variability (%CV; Mean; Min-Max) for NORM and HH were similar for urine osmolality (.6%; 0-1.1% vs. in BM were associated with changes in TBW (R2 = .35, p<.01) and changes in ECF (R2 = .48, p<.01) but the relationship was not as strong for ICF (R2 = .18, p<.01). There were no cases of a decrease in BM and an increase in TBW, however, there was 1 case of an increase in BM (~2kg) with a decrease in TBW (-2kg). CONCLUSION: These data add to previous research investigating reliability of TBW measurements. Early morning assessments of BM, urine osmolality and TBW using MF-BIS do not appear to be influenced by increased water intake in judoka engaged in heavy training. (No relationships reported) PURPOSE: Rapid travel across multiple time zones (RTZ) may cause disturbances to zeitgebers regulating the internal body clock. Little is known about the effects of RTZ on amateur Karate athletes who compete internationally. Two thousand elite, national championship amateur Karate athletes from 53 countries participated in the 13 th Funakoshi Cup, in Tokyo, Japan in October, 2014. This study used a convenience sample of 11 athletes (who competed on the U.S. team to evaluate the effects of RTZ over the 3-days prior to competition.

Day-To-Day Reliability of Common Measures of Hydration Status in Australian Judoka

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